Kalisa Dara Puspa (2015.82.0054)
BSD4
The Nature and Concept of the
Curriculum
A.
The nature of curriculum
The term "curriculum" has various interpretations formulated by experts in the field of curriculum development since the past until the present. The berdeda interpretations vary from one another, in accordance with the gravity core and the views of the experts concerned. The term comes from the Latin curriculum, namely "Curriculae" means the distance that must be taken someone runners. At that time, the notion of curriculum is a period of education that must be taken by students who aim to obtain a diploma. In this case, a diploma essentially a proof that the student has taken the form of curriculum lesson plans, as well as a runner has to take a distance from one place to another, and finally reach the finish. In other words, a curriculum is regarded as a very important jenbatan to reach the end point of a journey and is characterized by the acquisition of a specific diploma. Several other interpretations presented below is (Hamalik, 2008: 16-17).
The term "curriculum" has various interpretations formulated by experts in the field of curriculum development since the past until the present. The berdeda interpretations vary from one another, in accordance with the gravity core and the views of the experts concerned. The term comes from the Latin curriculum, namely "Curriculae" means the distance that must be taken someone runners. At that time, the notion of curriculum is a period of education that must be taken by students who aim to obtain a diploma. In this case, a diploma essentially a proof that the student has taken the form of curriculum lesson plans, as well as a runner has to take a distance from one place to another, and finally reach the finish. In other words, a curriculum is regarded as a very important jenbatan to reach the end point of a journey and is characterized by the acquisition of a specific diploma. Several other interpretations presented below is (Hamalik, 2008: 16-17).
The curriculum
contains the content and subject matter. The curriculum is a number of subjects
that must be taken and studied by students to acquire some knowledge. Courses
(subject matter) is seen as the experience of a parent or clever people of the
past, which have been arranged systematically and logically. For example, the
talent and the experience of past discoveries, then held elections and further
developed systematically, ie according to a certain order, and logical, meaning
that make sense and mind. The course fills the subject matter presented to the
students, so as to obtain some knowledge useful to him. The more experiences
and discoveries so the more eyes ajaramn to be prepared in the curriculum and
should be studied by students in schools (Hamalik, 2008: 16-17).
Judging from his
origin, derived from the Greek language curriculum that originally used in the
field of sports, the word meaning currure mileage run. In the normal run of
course there is the distance that must be taken starting from the start until
the finish. The distance from the start until the finish called currure. On the
basis of the understanding kurikulium applied in the field of education.
Many education
experts and curriculum specialists are limiting sense curriculum is formulated
with a few definitions differ though on initinya contained the same purpose. As
an illustration, there is some sense kurukulum developed by some of the
experts. Hilda Taba in his book, Curriculum Development, Theory and Practice
(1962), defines curriculum as a plan for learning. J.F Kerr (1966) defines
curriculum as:
"All the learning the which is planned or guided by the school, whether it is Carried on in groups or individually, inside of or outside the school".
A more complex definition of the curriculum proposed by Rene Ochs (1964) dikutipoleh Ariech Lewy (1970) as follows:
This term aqually Often to design a program for a given subject matter for the entire cycle or even the whole range of cycles. Further, the term curriculum is somestimes used in a wider sense to cover the various educational activities through the which the content is conveyed as well as materials used and methods employed.
Of the three of these definitions can be concluded that the curriculum is an activity and learning activities are planned, programmed for students under the guidance of the school, both inside and outside the school. Operations on the basis of the curriculum can be defined as follows:
"All the learning the which is planned or guided by the school, whether it is Carried on in groups or individually, inside of or outside the school".
A more complex definition of the curriculum proposed by Rene Ochs (1964) dikutipoleh Ariech Lewy (1970) as follows:
This term aqually Often to design a program for a given subject matter for the entire cycle or even the whole range of cycles. Further, the term curriculum is somestimes used in a wider sense to cover the various educational activities through the which the content is conveyed as well as materials used and methods employed.
Of the three of these definitions can be concluded that the curriculum is an activity and learning activities are planned, programmed for students under the guidance of the school, both inside and outside the school. Operations on the basis of the curriculum can be defined as follows:
1.
A written materials which contain descriptions
of a school education program, implemented from year to year;
2.
The written material that is intended to be used
in carrying out the teaching of teachers to students;
3.
An
attempt to convey the principles and the most important features of an
education plan in a form such that it can be implemented in the school teachers;
4.
The objectives of teaching, learning experience,
learning tools and means of assessment are planned and used in education; and
5.
A bpendidikan program planned and implemented to
achieve specific educational goals.
The definitions
can be classified into two groups, namely the curriculum as a program that is
planned and implemented in the school and the curriculum as a program planned
and implemented in a real classroom.
There is a curriculum specialists who points out that "the curriculum includes goals, objectives, content, processes, resources, and means of evaluation for all the learning experiences planned for the learners both inside and outside the school and community melaluipengajaran class and related programs ", and further limit the" syllabus as a statement of a plan for every part of the curriculum menesampingkan elements of the evaluation of the curriculum itself; ... syllabus should be viewed in the context of the curriculum development process in progress "(Robertson 1971: 584; Shaw 1977 in Tarin, 1993: 5 ).
There is a curriculum specialists who points out that "the curriculum includes goals, objectives, content, processes, resources, and means of evaluation for all the learning experiences planned for the learners both inside and outside the school and community melaluipengajaran class and related programs ", and further limit the" syllabus as a statement of a plan for every part of the curriculum menesampingkan elements of the evaluation of the curriculum itself; ... syllabus should be viewed in the context of the curriculum development process in progress "(Robertson 1971: 584; Shaw 1977 in Tarin, 1993: 5 ).
In addition,
there are various meaning given to the term curriculum. There is a very broad
sense and vice versa terdpat narrow sense. Words are not the words Indonesian
curriculum original, but comes from a foreign language, the Greek language. In
the Webster's dictionary in Pembina Team Subjects Didactic methodical (1995:
97) there is some sense of the curriculum, among which are as follows.
1.
Points race, distance to go buggy race runners.
2.
Pelajaram-specific lessons given in schools or
universities that aims to achieve a degree or diploma.
3.
Overall lessons given in an educational
institution.
Typically, the curriculum is seen as a plan drawn up
to launch the process of teaching and learning under the guidance and
responsibility of the school or educational institution along with its teaching
staff (Nasution, 2006: 5). Understanding the broader curriculum is then given
by the education that is "all business schools to influence children's
learning in the classroom, on school grounds or on the outside" or
"all activities under the responsibility of the school that affect
children in education" (Team Pembina Mata Didactic Lecture methodically,
1995: 97).
This opinion arises because educators now suggest, by
observing the effect of hidden curriculum desperately needs thoughts and
considerations a wider and perhaps a greater cost than the planned curriculum
is written. Which included hidden curriculum, for example by providing a
library room cozy and complete books that will in itself increase the passion
of reading students.
Another characteristic of the curriculum vitae mainly stated as follows.
Another characteristic of the curriculum vitae mainly stated as follows.
a.
The curriculum should be flexible, easily
modified toward perfection, according to kubutuhan and the advancement of
science.
b.
The
curriculum is a description or a description of the plan or program to be
implemented.
c.
The curriculum usually contains various subject
areas (areas of learning).
d.
The curriculum can be reserved for a student
alone or arranged for a large group.
e.
The curriculum is always associated with or a
program of an educational institution (educational center).
(Team Patrons Subjects Didactic methodical, 1995: 100).
(Team Patrons Subjects Didactic methodical, 1995: 100).
B.
THE
CONCEPT OF CURRICULUM
Suharsimi (2005, 23) states the theory of the curriculum is a set of statements that give meaning to the school curriculum, meaning it occurs because of the assertion of the relationship between the elements of the curriculum, for their guidance development / use and evaluation of the curriculum.
The most important concept that needs to be briefed in curriculum theory is the concept of the curriculum.
Understanding the concept of curriculum
That is a concept that evolved in line with developments in educational theory and practice. Kurilukum concept can also mean a concept of a concept that varies according to the school or educational theories embraced.
According Sutrisno (2001, 12) mentioned that there are three concepts of curriculum, namely: (a) the curriculum as the substance, (b) curriculum as a system, and (c) the curriculum as a field of study.
Suharsimi (2005, 23) states the theory of the curriculum is a set of statements that give meaning to the school curriculum, meaning it occurs because of the assertion of the relationship between the elements of the curriculum, for their guidance development / use and evaluation of the curriculum.
The most important concept that needs to be briefed in curriculum theory is the concept of the curriculum.
Understanding the concept of curriculum
That is a concept that evolved in line with developments in educational theory and practice. Kurilukum concept can also mean a concept of a concept that varies according to the school or educational theories embraced.
According Sutrisno (2001, 12) mentioned that there are three concepts of curriculum, namely: (a) the curriculum as the substance, (b) curriculum as a system, and (c) the curriculum as a field of study.
The first concept, is the curriculum as a
system / destination. That system, which is part of the curriculum of the
school system, the education system, even the public system. A curriculum
system includes personnel structure and working procedures how to prepare a
curriculum, implement, evaluate and improve them. The results of a curriculum
system is the completion of a curriculum, and the function of the curriculum is
how to maintain the system in order to remain dynamic curriculum.
Mauritz Johnson distinguish between the teaching curriculum. The only difference between the two is teaching the students' interaction with the environment, while the curriculum is a series of learning outcomes expected or as the destination.
The second concept, curriculum as a design / plan. A curriculum, viewed people as a plan learning activities for students in the school, or as a set of goals to be achieved. A curriculum could also point to a document that contains the definition of the objectives, teaching materials, teaching and learning activities, schedules, and evaluation.
Mauritz Johnson distinguish between the teaching curriculum. The only difference between the two is teaching the students' interaction with the environment, while the curriculum is a series of learning outcomes expected or as the destination.
The second concept, curriculum as a design / plan. A curriculum, viewed people as a plan learning activities for students in the school, or as a set of goals to be achieved. A curriculum could also point to a document that contains the definition of the objectives, teaching materials, teaching and learning activities, schedules, and evaluation.
A curriculum can also be described as a
document written as a result of a joint agreement between the authors of the
curriculum and educational policy holders with the public. A curriculum may
also include certain scope, a school, a district, province, or the whole
country
According to Mac Donald, the school system is formed on the 4 subsystems are
- Teaching the teachers' professional activities.
- Learning is a student response efforts in the school system.
- Teaching is the interaction and learning.
- The curriculum is planned as a guide.
Other theories also proposed by Beauchamp. According to Beauchamp, the curriculum is divided into two
1. The curriculum acts as a written plan
2. Functional curriculum.
Medium according to Taba, the difference lies in the teaching curriculum with breadth of coverage.
The third concept, curriculum as a field of study. Namely the field of curriculum studies. This is an application of the theories of the curriculum and the development of the field of curriculum experts / education and teaching. According to Zais, curriculum as a field of study include restrictions / distance / coverage of subject matter and procedure development and practice.
Another theory put forward by Beauchamp. According to Beauchamp, curriculum theory is a set of related statements that give meaning to the school curriculum with emphasis on the relationship between the elements, the development, use and evaluation.
The purpose of curriculum as a field of study is to develop knowledge about curriculum and curriculum system. Those who study the field of curriculum learn the basic concepts of the curriculum. Through literature study and research activities and experiments, they discovered new things that can enrich and strengthen the field of curriculum studies.
According to Mac Donald, the school system is formed on the 4 subsystems are
- Teaching the teachers' professional activities.
- Learning is a student response efforts in the school system.
- Teaching is the interaction and learning.
- The curriculum is planned as a guide.
Other theories also proposed by Beauchamp. According to Beauchamp, the curriculum is divided into two
1. The curriculum acts as a written plan
2. Functional curriculum.
Medium according to Taba, the difference lies in the teaching curriculum with breadth of coverage.
The third concept, curriculum as a field of study. Namely the field of curriculum studies. This is an application of the theories of the curriculum and the development of the field of curriculum experts / education and teaching. According to Zais, curriculum as a field of study include restrictions / distance / coverage of subject matter and procedure development and practice.
Another theory put forward by Beauchamp. According to Beauchamp, curriculum theory is a set of related statements that give meaning to the school curriculum with emphasis on the relationship between the elements, the development, use and evaluation.
The purpose of curriculum as a field of study is to develop knowledge about curriculum and curriculum system. Those who study the field of curriculum learn the basic concepts of the curriculum. Through literature study and research activities and experiments, they discovered new things that can enrich and strengthen the field of curriculum studies.
As with other social scientists, theorists curriculum is
also required to:
1. Develop definitions of descriptive and prescriptive technical terms,
2. Hold the classification of existing knowledge in new knowledge,
3. Conduct research inferential and predictive,
4. Develop subsubteori curriculum, develop and implement curriculum models.
The fourth requirement is the duty of an expert on curriculum theory. Through the achievement of these four well as substance, as a system, as well as the field of curriculum studies can survive and develop.
1. Develop definitions of descriptive and prescriptive technical terms,
2. Hold the classification of existing knowledge in new knowledge,
3. Conduct research inferential and predictive,
4. Develop subsubteori curriculum, develop and implement curriculum models.
The fourth requirement is the duty of an expert on curriculum theory. Through the achievement of these four well as substance, as a system, as well as the field of curriculum studies can survive and develop.
The development of curriculum
theory can not be separated from the history of its development. Curriculum
development has been started in 1890 by Charles and McMurry article, but
definitively originated in the work of Franklin Babbit 1918. Bering Bobbit was
considered the first curriculum, is pioneering the development of curriculum
practices. Bobbit was the first to hold a skill or job analysis as a way of
determining the decision in the preparation of the curriculum. He is also
likely to use a scientific approach to identify the workmanship and in adult
life as a basis for curriculum development.
According Bobbit, core curriculum
theory was simple, namely human life. Human life is different though is
basically the same, formed by sejumah workmanship. education seeks to prepare
these skills carefully and perfectly. The skills that must be mastered to be
able to engage in life vary greatly, depending on its level and type of
environment. Each level of environmental and life requires the mastery of
knowledge, skills, attitudes, habits, certain appreciation. It-it is the
purpose of the curriculum. To achieve these things there is a series of
experiences that must be mastered child. The whole purpose of these experiences
along with that is the subject of study of curriculum theory.
Werrett Charlters W. (1923)
agrees with the concept Bobbit on analysis skills / jobs as the basis for curriculum
development. Charters more emphasis on vocational education.
There are two things in common of curriculum theory, theory Bobbit and Charters. First, both agree on the use of scientific techniques in solving the problems of the curriculum. In this case they are influenced by the scientific movement in education pioneered by E.L. Thorndike, Charles Judd, and others. Second, both contrary to the assumption that the school serves to prepare children for life as adults. To achieve this, it should be an analysis of the tasks and demands in a structured curriculum of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and others are required to be able to participate in adult life. Starting at these things they compose a complete curriculum in a systematic way.
Coverage areas of study:
- The concept of curriculum
- Determination
- Use
- Development
- Design
- Evaluation
The curriculum as a plan:
- Aim
- material
- activity
- Tool
- Time
Curriculum system:
- determination of policy
- composition of personnel
- procedure development
- Application
- Evaluation and improvement
function:
1. Produce curriculum as a written document
2. Keeping the ever-dynamic curriculum
According Zais (1993: 3), indicating a plan curriculum to educate students which means that the curriculum is part of the scope of the study curriculum and contains the components of the curriculum. The curriculum is also an identification of the scope of the study covers from
The substance / the subject matter in the field of curriculum.
Various processes contained in the curriculum such as curriculum development and curriculum changes.
Starting in 1920, due to the influence of progressive education, developing educational movement centered on children (child centered). The theory of curriculum change from the emphasis on the content organization geared towards adult life (Bobbit and Charters) to the psychological life of the child at this time. The child becomes the center of attention of education. The contents of the curriculum should be based on the interests and needs of students. emphasize education to student activities, students learn through experience. Curriculum development should involve students.
There are two things in common of curriculum theory, theory Bobbit and Charters. First, both agree on the use of scientific techniques in solving the problems of the curriculum. In this case they are influenced by the scientific movement in education pioneered by E.L. Thorndike, Charles Judd, and others. Second, both contrary to the assumption that the school serves to prepare children for life as adults. To achieve this, it should be an analysis of the tasks and demands in a structured curriculum of skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and others are required to be able to participate in adult life. Starting at these things they compose a complete curriculum in a systematic way.
Coverage areas of study:
- The concept of curriculum
- Determination
- Use
- Development
- Design
- Evaluation
The curriculum as a plan:
- Aim
- material
- activity
- Tool
- Time
Curriculum system:
- determination of policy
- composition of personnel
- procedure development
- Application
- Evaluation and improvement
function:
1. Produce curriculum as a written document
2. Keeping the ever-dynamic curriculum
According Zais (1993: 3), indicating a plan curriculum to educate students which means that the curriculum is part of the scope of the study curriculum and contains the components of the curriculum. The curriculum is also an identification of the scope of the study covers from
The substance / the subject matter in the field of curriculum.
Various processes contained in the curriculum such as curriculum development and curriculum changes.
Starting in 1920, due to the influence of progressive education, developing educational movement centered on children (child centered). The theory of curriculum change from the emphasis on the content organization geared towards adult life (Bobbit and Charters) to the psychological life of the child at this time. The child becomes the center of attention of education. The contents of the curriculum should be based on the interests and needs of students. emphasize education to student activities, students learn through experience. Curriculum development should involve students.
Further development of curriculum
theory presented by Hollis Caswell. In his role as chairman of the division of
curriculum developers in some states in the United States (Tennessee, Alabama,
Florida, Virginia), is developing the concept of people-centered curriculum or
work (society centered) then Caswell develop a curriculum that is interactive.
In curriculum development, Caswell emphasis on the participation of teachers, to participate in defining the curriculum, determining the organizational structure of the curriculum, in formulating the curriculum understanding, formulating objectives, selecting the content, determining learning, curriculum design, evaluate the results, and so on.
According Zais (1976: 7-11), the curriculum is defined several kinds, among others:
As Program Of Studies Curriculum
As Curriculum Course Content
Curriculum As Planned Learning Experience
As Experiences Had Curriculum Under the auspices Of The School
Curriculum Structured As A Series Of Intended Learning Outcomes
Curriculum As A Written Plan For Action
In curriculum development, Caswell emphasis on the participation of teachers, to participate in defining the curriculum, determining the organizational structure of the curriculum, in formulating the curriculum understanding, formulating objectives, selecting the content, determining learning, curriculum design, evaluate the results, and so on.
According Zais (1976: 7-11), the curriculum is defined several kinds, among others:
As Program Of Studies Curriculum
As Curriculum Course Content
Curriculum As Planned Learning Experience
As Experiences Had Curriculum Under the auspices Of The School
Curriculum Structured As A Series Of Intended Learning Outcomes
Curriculum As A Written Plan For Action
In 1947 at the University of Chicago ongoing discussion of the first major curriculum theory. As a result of these discussions was formulated three main tasks of curriculum theory:
1. Identify the key issues that arise in curriculum development and its underlying concepts,
2. Determining the relationship between these problems with the structure that supports it,
3. Finding or approaches to foresee the future to solve the problem.
Ralph W. Tylor (1949) suggests four main questions at the heart of curriculum studies:
Which educational goals to be achieved by the school?
educational experience how that should be provided to achieve these objectives?
How to organize effectively the educational experience?
How do we determine that these goals have been achieved?
Four main questions about the curriculum of Tylor is used often by the next curriculum development. In a national conference meetings and supervisory curriculum developers in 1963 discussed two important papers of George A. Beauchamp and Othanel Smith. Beauchamp to analyze the scientific approach of development tasks in curriculum theory. According to Beauchamp, curriculum theory is conceptually closely related to the development of the theory in other sciences. Things that are important in the development of curriculum theory is the use of technical terms are appropriate and consistent, analysis and classification of knowledge, the use of penelitianpenelitian preckktif to add concepts, generalizations or kaidahkaidah, as principles that hold true to the explanation of the curriculum.
In the second paper, Othanel
Smith described the role of philosophy in the development of theories that are
ilmiah.Menurut kurikuklm Smith, there are three major contribution to the
theory of curriculum philosophy, namely in (1) formulate and consideration
educational purposes, (2) to select and prepare materials, and ( 3) extension
of a special language curriculum.
James B. MacDonald (1964) saw the theory curriculum of the system models. There are four systems in schools, namely curriculum, teaching (instruction), teaching (teaching), and learning. The interaction of these four systems can be illustrated by a Venn diagram. See the curriculum as a system within a larger system that schooling can clarify thinking about the concept of the curriculum. Use of the system model can also help theorists determine the type and scope of the curriculum conceptualization required in curriculum theory.
James B. MacDonald (1964) saw the theory curriculum of the system models. There are four systems in schools, namely curriculum, teaching (instruction), teaching (teaching), and learning. The interaction of these four systems can be illustrated by a Venn diagram. See the curriculum as a system within a larger system that schooling can clarify thinking about the concept of the curriculum. Use of the system model can also help theorists determine the type and scope of the curriculum conceptualization required in curriculum theory.
Broudy, Smith and Burnett (1964)
describes a paper schooling in a schema that describes the components of the
whole process affect the child. Scheme schooling of Broudy and his friends can
be seen in Figure 2.4.
Beauchamp summarized the
development of curriculum theory from 1960 until 1965. He identified the six
components of the curriculum as a field of study, namely: foundation
curriculum, curriculum content, curriculum design, engineering curriculum,
evaluation and research, and development theory.
According to Hilda Taba (1962) concerning
the definition of the curriculum dilemma occurs because they can not put the
position between the two poles.
Thomas L. Faix (1966) uses structural-functional analysis derived from biology, sociology, and anthropology to explain the concept curriculum. The function of the curriculum is described as the process of how to maintain and develop its structure.
Other aspects of the study curriculum that is
- The foundation of the curriculum
- The design of the curriculum
Development of curriculum
Implementation of the curriculum
Thomas L. Faix (1966) uses structural-functional analysis derived from biology, sociology, and anthropology to explain the concept curriculum. The function of the curriculum is described as the process of how to maintain and develop its structure.
Other aspects of the study curriculum that is
- The foundation of the curriculum
- The design of the curriculum
Development of curriculum
Implementation of the curriculum
Engineering
curriculum
improvements / changes to the curriculum.
improvements / changes to the curriculum.